Air pollution is one of the largest environmental health risks in Europe, particularly regarding cardiovascular health, with well-documented social inequalities. This has led Europe, and France, to implement public policies to reduce emissions in order to reduce air pollution levels. One of the main policies is the low-emission and mobility zones (LEMZ). In France, the first LEMZ was implemented in Paris between 2016 and 2019 and it is expected that by 2025, all French cities with more than 150,000 inhabitants will implement LEMZ. However, the effectiveness of these measures on health remains undocumented, as well as their implications in terms of equity.
